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description the GM432's are low-voltage three-terminal adjustable pre- cision shunt regulators with specified thermal stability over their full temperature range. output voltage can be set to any value from v (1.24v) to 16v by using two external ref resistors. their active output circuitry provides a very unique turn-on characteristic, making them excellent re- placements for zener diodes in many applications such as onboard regulation and adjustable power supplies. in a wide range of home applications, these versatile darlings are ideal voltage references for 3.0v to 3.3v switching power suppies. with operational cathode current as low as 80a, batteries keep on going. whatever your application is, the GM432's offer the optimum combination of perfor- mance, reliability, and economy . logic symbol block diagram (positive logic) cathode reference anode + _ v = 1.24v ref cathode reference anode application switching power supplies linear regulators adjustable supplies instrumentation battery-operated computers, pda's portable devices monitors, tv's, camcorders computer disk drives features low-voltage operation, down to 1.24v 0.5%, 1% or 2% reference voltage tolerance adjustable output voltage, v = v to 16v o ref sink current capability 80a to 100ma low dynamic output impedance, 0.05 w typical wide temperature range, 0 to +70 c pin-to-pin replacement for tlv431, sc431l available in sot -23, sot-25, sot -89, to-92 and sop-8 g m 4 3 2 v 0 . 1 1 www.gammamicro.com 1 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
sot-89 ref cathode 1 anode 2 3 GM432g ayww to-92 gm 432g ayww 12 3 1. ref 2. anode 3. cathode sot-23 xxxyw sot-23 sot-25 sop-8 sot-89 sot-23 sot-25 to-92 to-92 sop-8 sot-89 sot-23 sot-25 to-92 to-92 sop-8 maa maa mab mab mac mac maa maa mab mab mab mab mac mac mac 3,000 units/t ape &reel 3,000 units/t ape &reel 2,500 /t ape & reel units 1,000 / t ape & reel units GM432ast23r GM432ast25r GM432bst23r GM432bst25r GM432cst23r GM432cst25r GM432as8r GM432bs8r GM432cs8r GM432ast89r GM432bst89r 0.5% 0.5% to-92 to-92 maa maa a a 1,000 units/ esd bag 2,000 units/ ammo pack(t ape) GM432at92b GM432bt92b GM432ct92b GM432at92rl GM432bt92rl GM432ct92rl 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 1% 1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 3,000 /t ape &reel units 3,000 /t ape &reel units 2,500 /t ape & reel units 1,000 / t ape & reel units 2,000 units/ ammo pack(t ape) 3,000 /t ape &reel units 3,000 /t ape &reel units 2,500 /t ape & reel units 2,000 units/ ammo pack(t ape) b b c c xxx = marking code g** = grade a = assembly location y = y ear ww, w= weekly xxxyw anode ref sot-25(sot -23-5) device code grade package sh ip pi ng ordering number precision sop-8 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 anode ref anode nc cathode anode nc anode GM432g ayww marking information & pin configura tions (top view) g m 4 3 2 2 ordering information 1 3 2 5 4 nc nc cathode anode cathode 2 3 ref 1 1,000 units/ esd bag 1,000 units/ esd bag sot-89 mac GM432cst89r 2% 1,000 / t ape & reel units * for detail ordering number identification, please see last page. **grade a: indicates precision of 0.5%, b: indicates precision of 1%, c: indicates precision of 2% a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
these are stress ratings only. functional operation of the device at these or any conditions beyond the "recommended operating conditions" is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rated conditions may affect device reliability. notes: 1. voltage values are with respect to the anode except as noted. 2. maximum power dissipation is a function of t , q and t . maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient temperature is j(max) ja a p = (t - t )/ q . d j(max ) aj a 3. package thermal impedance is calculated per jesd 51. recommended opera ting conditions p ara met er sym bol v alu e uni t 20 v cont inuou s cat hode curre nt i k 100 ma refe rence inpu t curr ent r ange i ref 3 ma powe r diss ipatio n at t = 25 c a sot -23 sop -8 to- 92 oper ating amb ient t empe ratur e ran ge t a 0 to + 70 c lead temp eratu re (so lderin g) 10 seco nds t lead 260 p d 0.37 0.49 0.95 w q ja 336 256 132 97 c/w c (1) cath ode v oltag e pack age t herm al im peda nce (2, 3) sot -23 sot -25 to- 92 sop -8 v ka p ara met er sym bol mini mum max imum unit cath ode v oltag e v ka v ref 16 v cath ode c urren t i k 80 a 100 ma absolute maximum ratings (over free-air temperature range except as noted) g m 4 3 2 3 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
electrical characteristics (t = 25c unless otherwise noted) a GM432a (0.5%) p ara met er con ditio n min typ max unit refe rence inpu t v oltag e v ref 1.234 1.222 1.24 0 1.246 1.258 v (1) v = v , i = 10 ma, t = 25 c ka ref k a (1) v =v ,i =10 m a,t = 0 to +70 c ka ref k a v temp devi ation ref v dev (1) v = v , i = 10 ma ka ref k 10 25 mv ratio of ch ange in v ref to ch ange in v ka i = 10 ma, d v = 16 v to v k ka ref -1.0 - 2.7 mv /v refe rence inpu t curr ent i ref (2) i = 10m a, r 1 = 1 0k w , r2 = k 0.15 0.5 m a devi ation of re feren ce input volta ge ov er fu ll temp eratu re ra nge i ref(de v) (2) i = 10 ma, r1 = 10k w , r2 = k t = fu ll ran ge a 0.1 0.4 m a mini mum ope rating curr ent i k(min ) (1) v= v ka ref 80 m a off- state cath ode curre nt i k(off ) (3) v = 6v , v = 0v ka ref 0.125 0.150 (3) v = 16 v , v = 0v ka ref dyna mic i mped ance | z | ka (1) f 1kh z,v =v , i =100 m a t o 100 ma ka ref k 0.05 0.15 w d v ref d v ka m a p ara met er con ditio n min typ max unit refe rence inpu t v oltag e v ref (1) v = v , i = 10 ma, t = 25 c ka ref k a 1.228 1.215 1.24 0 1.252 1.258 v (1) v =v ,i =10 m a,t = 0 to +70 c ka ref k a v temp devi ation ref v dev (1) v = v , i = 10 ma ka ref k 10 25 mv ratio of ch ange in v ref to ch ange in v ka i = 10 ma, d v = 16 v to v k ka ref mv /v refe rence inpu t curr ent i ref (2) i = 10m a, r 1 = 1 0k w , r2 = k 0.15 0.5 m a i ref(de v) (2) i = 10 ma, r1 = 10k w , r2 = k t = fu ll ran ge a 0.1 0.4 m a mini mum ope rating curr ent i k(min ) (1) v= v ka ref 80 m a off- state cath ode curre nt i k(off ) (3) v = 6v , v = 0v ka ref 0.125 0.135 0.150 0.150 (3) v = 16 v , v = 0v ka ref dyna mic i mped ance | z | ka (1) f 1kh z,v =v , i =100 m a t o 100 ma ka ref k 0.05 0.15 w d v ref d v ka m a gm4 32b (1.0 %) notes: (1) see test circuit 1 on page 4. (2) see test circuit 2 on page 4. (3) see test circuit 3 on page 4. 20 0.135 0.150 20 g m 4 3 2 4 gm4 32a (0.5 %) devi ation of re feren ce input volta ge ov er fu ll temp eratu re ra nge -1.0 - 2.7 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
electrical characteristics (t = 25c unless otherwise noted) a GM432c (2.0%) p ara met er con ditio n min typ max unit refe rence inpu t v oltag e v ref 1.215 1.200 1.24 0 1.265 1.280 v (1) v = v , i = 10 ma, t = 25 c a ka ref k (1) v =v ,i =10 m a,t = 0 to +70 c ka ref k a v temp devi ation ref v dev (1) v = v , i = 10 ma ka ref k 10 35 mv ratio of ch ange in v ref to ch ange in v ka i = 10 ma, d v = 16 v to v k ka ref mv /v refe rence inpu t curr ent i ref (2) i = 10m a, r 1 = 1 0k w , r2 = k 0.15 0.5 m a i ref(de v) (2) i = 10m a, r 1 = 1 0k w , r2 = k t = fu ll ran ge a 0.1 0.4 m a mini mum ope rating curr ent i k(min ) (1) v= v ka ref 80 m a off- state cath ode curre nt i k(off ) 0.125 0.135 0.150 0.150 dyna mic i mped ance | z | ka (1) f 1kh z,v =v , i =100 m a t o 100 ma ka ref k 0.05 0.15 w d v ref d v ka m a notes: (1) see test circuit 1. (2) see test circuit 2. (3) see test circuit 3. 20 (3) v = 6v , v = 0v ka ref (3) v = 16v , v = 0v ka ref g m 4 3 2 5 devi ation of re feren ce input volta ge ov er fu ll temp eratu re ra nge -1.0 - 2.7 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators test circuits v in v ka l k test circuit 1 v = v ka ref l ref r2 v in v ka r1 v ref l ref test circuit 2 v > v ka ref l (off) k v in v ka test circuit 3 off-state v ref v ref power management
typical applica tions GM432a, GM432b g m 4 3 2 6 figure 3. output control for a three terminal fixed regulator r1 r2 v = v + 5.0v out(min) ref v =( + ) out 1 r1 r2 v ref v in v out series pass regulator figure 4. v in v out r1 r2 figure 1. shunt regulator v in r1 r2 v =( + ) out 1 r1 r2 v ref v out figure 2. high current shunt regulator r1 r2 v =( + ) out 1 r1 r2 v ref v in v out constant current source figure 5. r cl v in i= out v ref r cl i out v out figure 6. constant current sink v in i = sink v ref r s i sink r s figure 7. triac crowbar r1 r2 v in v out v =( + ) out(trip) 1 r1 r2 v ref figure 8. src crowbar r2 r1 v =( + ) out(trip) 1 v ref r1 r2 v in v out v =( + ) out 1 r1 r2 v ref v = v + v 2.0v out(min) ref be gm 7805 in out common a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
v in r v out GM432 r1 r2 gnd v ref typical applica tion circuit notes: 1. set v according to the following equation: out v = v ( 1 + )+ i r1 out ref ref 2. choose the value for r as follows: the maximum limit for r should be such that the cathode current, i , is greater k than the minimum operating current (80a) at v * in(min) the minimum limit for r should be such that the cathode current, i , does not k exceed 100ma under all load conditions, and the instantaneous turn-on value for i does not exceed 150 ma. both of the following conditions must be met: k rmin (to limit instantaneous turn-on i ) k rmin (to limit i under normal operating conditions) k r1 r2 v in(max) 150ma v- v in(max) out i +100ma out(min) g m 4 3 2 7 typical performance characteristics figure 9. cathode current vs. cathode voltage 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -2 -1 0 0.5 1 1.5 v cathode voltage (v) ka i k c a t h o d e c u r r e n t ( m a ) v = v ka re f t = 25 c a cathode voltage (v) i c a t h o d e c u r r e n t ( m a ) k figure 10. cathode current vs. cathode voltage 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 -25 -50 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 i min v= v ka ref t =25 c a t , junction t emperature - c j i , r e f e r e n c e i n p u t c u r r e n t ( n a ) r e g figure 11. ref. voltage vs. junction temperature 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 10 20 3 0 40 50 6 0 70 i =10 ma k r1=10k w r2= open t , junction t emperature - c j i , r e f e r e n c e v o l t a g e - v r e g figure 12. ref. input current vs. junction temperature 1.2440 1.2420 1.2400 1.2380 1.2360 1.2340 0 10 20 3 0 40 50 6 0 70 i =10 ma k a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
stability boundary conditions a note about stability when using the GM432 as a shunt regulator, you can optimize stability by setting c either (1) no load ca- l pacitance across the GM432, decouple at the load; or (2) large capacitance across the GM432, optional de- coupling at the load. the GM432 can become unsta- ble with capacitances of approximately 10nf to 1f when cathode currents are less than 3ma or so, with instability increasing as cathode current is reduced. so, while the GM432 is happily stable at, for example, cathode current of 10ma with a 0.1f capacitor across it, it can oscillate transiently as the cathode cur- rent rises through the region of instability. t o avoid this problem completely, simply eliminate the capaci- tor or select a very low or very high (e.g. 10f) capac- itor c . since you will probably want local decoupling l at the load, the best idea is to use no capacitance across the device. just the resistance and capaci- tance of the pcb traces and vias will prevent local load decoupling from causing transient oscillation dur- ing start-up. if you place the GM432 right next to the load, with the load decoupling capacitor directly across it, you must use a capacitor of nf or 10f . + _ r GM432 r1 r2 c l i k c - load capacitance - f l tantalum capacitors * stability boundary condition test shows that tantalum capacitors are recommended to minimize the conditions that may cause the device to oscillate. 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 c - load capacitance - f l tantalum capacitors c a t h o d e c u r r e n t - m a t =25c a v= v ka ref stable v =2v ka v =3v ka 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 c a t h o d e c u r r e n t - m a for v = 2 & 3v ka device does not oscillate t =25c a stable v= v ka ref g m 4 3 2 8 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
figure 14. test circuit - small - signal gain and phase + - 1 0 f 1 5 k 8 .2 5 k g m 4 3 2 i k 2 3 2 o u t g n d figure 13. small signal voltage gain/ phase margin vs. frequency 80 60 40 20 0 -20 100 1k 10k 100k 1m a v - s m a l l s i g n a l v o l t a g e g a i n / p h a s e m a r g i n - d b p h a s e s h i f t i n d e g r e e s f - frequency - hz 0 36 72 108 144 180 i =10ma k t =25c a g m 4 3 2 9 sot-23 p ackage outline dimensions 2.90 0.1 0.4 0.1 1.5 0.05 0.95 0.038 2.8 0.1 1.9 0.05 unit: mm 0.65 0.05 1.10 0.1 5 0.13 0~0.1 0.8 0.05 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators 0.079 2.0 0.031 0.8 inches mm ( ) 0.035 0.9 0.037 0.95 0.037 0.95 pad layout power management
g m 4 3 2 10 sot-25(sot -23-5) p ackage outline dimensions pad layout 2.9 0.1 0.074 1.9 0.037 0.95 0.037 0.95 0.094 2.4 0.028 0.7 inches mm ( ) 1.9 0.05 0.95 0.038 2.8 0.1 1.5 0.05 0.65 0.05 0.35 0.03 0.13 0~0.1 0.8 0.05 1.10 0.1 5 5 0.039 1.0 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators 0.275 7.0 0.155 4.0 0.060 1.52 0.050 1.270 0.024 0.6 inches mm ( ) pad layout sop-8 p ackage outline dimensions 0.236 0.008 0.050 nom 1.270 nom +0.21 -0.20 5.990 3.91 0.1 +0.003 -0.004 0.154 pin indent 1.600 0.130 0.063 0.005 0.057 nom 1.450 nom 0.175 0.075 0.007 0.003 +0.004 -0.003 0.016 +0.10 -0.08 0.410 +0.0018 -0.0005 0.008 +0.05 -0.01 0.200 +0.013 -0.022 0.028 +0.33 -0.56 0.710 +0.002 -0.004 0.191 +0.05 -0.10 4.850 inches mm ( ) 0 ~ 8 power management
g m 4 3 2 11 sot-89 package outline dimensions pad layout 45 1 . 5 1.5 0.7 3 2 1 4.50 0.05 units: mm 1.650 ref 1.400 ref 4.20 0.05 1.00 0.07 2.5 0.05 0.46 0.025 3.00 0.025 1.50 1.50 1.50 0.05 0.38 0.01 6 r 0.13~3x no draft~2 r 0.1 max 6~2x 6~2x r 0.13~2x r 0.13~2x unit: mm r 0.13~4x to-92 p ackage outline dimensions 4.6 0.1 4.6 0.1 2.3 3 - 0.46 1.45 0.1 14.5 0.5 1.27 1.27 2 2 2 2 3.6 0.15 0.38 0.015 3.6 0.15 1.3 0.1 5 5 unit: mm a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
ordering number gm 432 a t92 b gamma micro. circuit type voltage t olerance a: 0.5% b: 1.0% c: 2.0% package t92: to-92 st23: sot-23 st25: sot-25 s8: sop-8 shipping b : esd bag rl: ammo pack (tape) r: t ape & reel t : tube g m 4 3 2 12 a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management
a a m i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s GM432 1.24v adjustable precision shunt regulators power management g m 4 3 2 13

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